Alfredo Toro Hardy
ALFREDO TORO HARDY is a Venezuelan retired diplomat, scholar and author. He has a PhD on International Relations from the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations (GSDIR), Master degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and the Central University of Venezuela and a Post-graduate degree from ENA (France).
Before resigning from his country’s foreign service in protest for the authoritarian outreach of the government, he served as Ambassador to the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Brazil, Ireland, Singapore and Chile, as well as Director of the Venezuelan Diplomatic Academy.
Former Fulbright Scholar and Visiting Professor at Princeton University. A two-times Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center Resident Scholar. He is an Honorary Fellow of the GSDIR and a member of the Experts Review Panel of the Bellagio Center. He is the author of twenty-one books and the co-author of fifteen more on international affairs. His latest book was published in 2022 by Palgrave Macmillan.
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Having attained a remarkable success with its containment policy towards the Soviet Union, nothing seemed more natural for the United States than to put in motion the same policy in relation to a rival China. Even if not labelling…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Among the global geostrategic trends, three stand out. The first one is the strengthening of a revisionist axis that, at odds with the post-WWII rules-based liberal international order, aims at consolidating spheres of influence and geostrategic expansion. The second,…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy The war in Afghanistan decisively contributed to the economic exhaustion of the Soviet Union and to the need of substantial reforms that led to the implosion of its system. There was, thus, a direct causation between events in Afghanistan…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Vladimir Putin represents a fundamental benchmark for hard right populists. This includes not only European ones but also MAGA Republicans and Global South leaders like former presidents Jair Bolsonaro and Rodrigo Duterte. The reasons behind their fascination for the…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy From the very beginning of its independent life, the United States set its sights on what was later to be called Latin America, as a natural space for projection and influence. According to Brian Loveman: “Thomas Jefferson worried in…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy If one thing has stood up in the course of Japan’s history, it has been its capacity to radically change its national project every time that circumstances require it. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, faced by a…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy The interpretation of the United States’ Constitution by the Supreme Court, has truly become a newsworthy issue. In order to better understand what is at stake, a bit of background is required. Written and consuetudinary constitutions Written constitutions are…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Until not long ago, the United States was vertically split by its multiple divides. Something that was consistent with the anti-majoritarian nature of its system, as had been constructed by its Founding Fathers. Nowadays, however, partisan identities have merged…