Alfredo Toro Hardy
ALFREDO TORO HARDY is a Venezuelan retired diplomat, scholar and author. He has a PhD on International Relations from the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations (GSDIR), Master degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and the Central University of Venezuela and a Post-graduate degree from ENA (France).
Before resigning from his country’s foreign service in protest for the authoritarian outreach of the government, he served as Ambassador to the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Brazil, Ireland, Singapore and Chile, as well as Director of the Venezuelan Diplomatic Academy.
Former Fulbright Scholar and Visiting Professor at Princeton University. A two-times Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center Resident Scholar. He is an Honorary Fellow of the GSDIR and a member of the Experts Review Panel of the Bellagio Center. He is the author of twenty-one books and the co-author of fifteen more on international affairs. His latest book was published in 2022 by Palgrave Macmillan.
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Stepping over the claims of several South East Asian countries, as well as over the normative of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea and the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, China has decided that…
Would the exceptional nation be an exception within the rise and fall of great powers? By Alfredo Toro Hardy In the decade of 1640s, Spain entered into a profound crisis that put an end to its European hegemony, threatened the subsistence of its…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Latin America, as a notion, is made up of those non Anglo or Dutch components of the Americas formed in the common mould of the Catholic religion, the Latin cultural heritage and the Romance languages. Iberian America and Haiti…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Idealism and realism have alternated in America’s foreign policy, with the former overtly prevailing. The idealist tradition goes back to the foundation of the country, and has its roots in colonial times. Americans, indeed, have always believed to be…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Latin America shares the same hemisphere with the United States. However, while the first is still in the quest of its economic development, amid periodical social and political upheavals, the U.S. became the undisputed global leader. Both began as…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy President Biden’s age and apparent fragility have become significant negative campaign handicaps. Although in 2020 he never pledged not to seek reelection if elected, which could have turned him into a lame duck, he promoted the idea that his…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy China and the United States are engaged in a profound rivalry, a true Cold War. Endowed with a profound sense of entitlement, the Middle Kingdom and the exceptional nation seem particularly ill prepared to accept a number two ranking…
Alfredo Toro Hardy By mid 2021, the tendencies in the correlation of power between China and the United States seemed to favour the former. Although the U.S. was still clearly on top, Beijing was rapidly discounting the advantage. In the third quarter of…