Alfredo Toro Hardy
ALFREDO TORO HARDY is a Venezuelan retired diplomat, scholar and author. He has a PhD on International Relations from the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations (GSDIR), Master degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and the Central University of Venezuela and a Post-graduate degree from ENA (France).
Before resigning from his country’s foreign service in protest for the authoritarian outreach of the government, he served as Ambassador to the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Brazil, Ireland, Singapore and Chile, as well as Director of the Venezuelan Diplomatic Academy.
Former Fulbright Scholar and Visiting Professor at Princeton University. A two-times Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center Resident Scholar. He is an Honorary Fellow of the GSDIR and a member of the Experts Review Panel of the Bellagio Center. He is the author of twenty-one books and the co-author of fifteen more on international affairs. His latest book was published in 2022 by Palgrave Macmillan.
By Alfredo Toro Hardy World War II was undoubtedly a highly costly undertaking for the United States. Especially so in human lives, where it lost more than 400,000 combatants. However, this pales when compared to the losses faced by the countries that were…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Within the current Cold War between China and the United States, the former shows focus while the latter dispersion. This translates into a substantial advantage to Beijing. Focused China Beijing, indeed, has a clear national project and a well-rounded…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Fifty years ago, on April 30, 1975, Communist-run North Vietnam seized Saigon, the capital of the U.S.-backed South Vietnam. Although the last American combat troops had left the country a month earlier -following the signing of the Paris Peace…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy According to the classical definition by Antonio Gramsci the essence of hegemony entails the capacity to define the terms of a shared agenda. This, by its own nature, implies the recognition by others to a given position of leadership…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy President Trump seems to have lost all sense of limits. Is he unhinged? Does he believe that his comeback against all odds and his close call from the assassin’s bullets are tantamount to providential entitlement? Is this what happens…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy While the Cold War between China and the United States reasserts itself with every passing day, New Delhi and Washington emphasize their geopolitical rapprochement in response to Beijing’s regional expansiveness. Not so long ago, though, two notions were in…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy On May 16 of this year, Russia’s Vladimir Putin and China’s Xi Jinping signed a 7,000 words-long joint statement. In it, they agreed to deepen their “strategic partnership”, taking it to a “new era”, while scolding the United States…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Referring to the contrasting interpretations of universality in China and the West, Martin Jacques refers that both perceive themselves to be universal, albeit in totally different ways. Whereas in the West universality is linked to the notion of proselytizing…