Alfredo Toro Hardy
ALFREDO TORO HARDY is a Venezuelan retired diplomat, scholar and author. He has a PhD on International Relations from the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations (GSDIR), Master degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and the Central University of Venezuela and a Post-graduate degree from ENA (France).
Before resigning from his country’s foreign service in protest for the authoritarian outreach of the government, he served as Ambassador to the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Brazil, Ireland, Singapore and Chile, as well as Director of the Venezuelan Diplomatic Academy.
Former Fulbright Scholar and Visiting Professor at Princeton University. A two-times Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center Resident Scholar. He is an Honorary Fellow of the GSDIR and a member of the Experts Review Panel of the Bellagio Center. He is the author of twenty-one books and the co-author of fifteen more on international affairs. His latest book was published in 2022 by Palgrave Macmillan.
By Alfredo Toro Hardy According to The Economist: “The ‘Trump corollary’ to the Monroe Doctrine, featured in America’s new national security strategy in December, vowed to deny ‘non-hemispheric competitors’ the ability to position military forces or control strategic assets in the western…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy The United States’ most important declaration regarding the Western Hemisphere was represented by the Monroe Doctrine. Issued in 1823, it responded to the threat of reconquest of the former Spanish colonies by a coalition of conservative European monarchies gathered…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Some time ago, Shoshana Zuboff wrote this enlightening remark: “The United States and the other liberal democracies of the world have failed to construct a coherent political vision for a digital century, one capable of promoting democratic values and…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy The undesirable effects of mistaken political decisions have a way to come back like a boomerang, haunting or deeply challenging subsequent generations. A classic example of this boomerang effect can be found in the Versailles Treaty at the end…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Relations between China and India have always oscillated between consonance and dissonance. Consonance Among the former, a history that from ancestral times has shown the presence of reciprocal influences. A good example of it was Buddhism’s arrival to China…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy World War II was undoubtedly a highly costly undertaking for the United States. Especially so in human lives, where it lost more than 400,000 combatants. However, this pales when compared to the losses faced by the countries that were…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Within the current Cold War between China and the United States, the former shows focus while the latter dispersion. This translates into a substantial advantage to Beijing. Focused China Beijing, indeed, has a clear national project and a well-rounded…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Fifty years ago, on April 30, 1975, Communist-run North Vietnam seized Saigon, the capital of the U.S.-backed South Vietnam. Although the last American combat troops had left the country a month earlier -following the signing of the Paris Peace…