By Roxana Niknami I. Historical Precedents: Infrastructure as Military Target  The targeting of civilian infrastructure in armed conflict is as old as warfare itself. Its systematic employment as a military doctrine intended to coerce civilian populations and degrade state functioning by destroying the…

By Roxana Niknami Europe often defines itself as a “normative power,” a concept denoting an international actor that legitimizes its foreign policy primarily through adherence to international law, promotion of universal norms, and respect for state sovereignty.  This normative identity positions Europe as…