Alfredo Toro Hardy
ALFREDO TORO HARDY is a Venezuelan retired diplomat, scholar and author. He has a PhD on International Relations from the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations (GSDIR), Master degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and the Central University of Venezuela and a Post-graduate degree from ENA (France).
Before resigning from his country’s foreign service in protest for the authoritarian outreach of the government, he served as Ambassador to the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Brazil, Ireland, Singapore and Chile, as well as Director of the Venezuelan Diplomatic Academy.
Former Fulbright Scholar and Visiting Professor at Princeton University. A two-times Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center Resident Scholar. He is an Honorary Fellow of the GSDIR and a member of the Experts Review Panel of the Bellagio Center. He is the author of twenty-one books and the co-author of fifteen more on international affairs. His latest book was published in 2022 by Palgrave Macmillan.
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Vladimir Putin represents a fundamental benchmark for hard right populists. This includes not only European ones but also MAGA Republicans and Global South leaders like former presidents Jair Bolsonaro and Rodrigo Duterte. The reasons behind their fascination for the…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy From the very beginning of its independent life, the United States set its sights on what was later to be called Latin America, as a natural space for projection and influence. According to Brian Loveman: “Thomas Jefferson worried in…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy If one thing has stood up in the course of Japan’s history, it has been its capacity to radically change its national project every time that circumstances require it. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, faced by a…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy The interpretation of the United States’ Constitution by the Supreme Court, has truly become a newsworthy issue. In order to better understand what is at stake, a bit of background is required. Written and consuetudinary constitutions Written constitutions are…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Until not long ago, the United States was vertically split by its multiple divides. Something that was consistent with the anti-majoritarian nature of its system, as had been constructed by its Founding Fathers. Nowadays, however, partisan identities have merged…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Stepping over the claims of several South East Asian countries, as well as over the normative of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea and the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, China has decided that…
Would the exceptional nation be an exception within the rise and fall of great powers? By Alfredo Toro Hardy In the decade of 1640s, Spain entered into a profound crisis that put an end to its European hegemony, threatened the subsistence of its…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Latin America, as a notion, is made up of those non Anglo or Dutch components of the Americas formed in the common mould of the Catholic religion, the Latin cultural heritage and the Romance languages. Iberian America and Haiti…